{"id":476,"date":"2014-06-22T14:36:39","date_gmt":"2014-06-22T14:36:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/?p=476"},"modified":"2021-07-18T19:41:42","modified_gmt":"2021-07-18T19:41:42","slug":"gumru-tarihinden-sayfalar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/?p=476","title":{"rendered":"G\u00dcMR\u00dc TAR\u0130H\u0130NDEN SAYFALAR"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nazim MUSTAFA,<\/strong><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan \u0130limler Akademisi \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6ZET<\/strong><\/p>\n

s. 253<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu makale, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce G\u00fcmr\u00fc tarihi hakk\u0131nda ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in \u015fimdiye kadar tarih\u00e7ilerimiz taraf\u0131ndan ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan Ermeni tarih\u00e7ileri ise O\u011fuz Yurdu olan bu b\u00f6lgenin tarihini kendilerine has bir \u015fekilde yorumlam\u0131\u015f ve de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc\u201d kelimesi eski T\u00fcrk dilinde nehir kenar\u0131nda \u201cTepelik\u201d (y\u00fckseklik-tepecik) anlam\u0131na gelen co\u011frafi bir terimdir. Ger\u00e7ekten de \u015fehrin eski tepede yerle\u015fen mahallesine Ermeniler 1988 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u201cT\u00fcrki Mahalie\u201d diyorlard\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk antla\u015fma 1920 senesinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk siyasi zafer oiarak, tarihteki yerini de b\u00f6ylece alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antla\u015fma 18 madde \u00fczerine imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve hemen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu \u015eirak Vadisi (eski kaynaklarda Sirakhe, \u015eiragel, \u015e\u00fcragel gibi yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Yerli halk ise \u015e\u00f6reyel ifadesini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) eski T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131ndan \u015eirak tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n meskeni olmu\u015ftur.[1] Daha sonralar Sel\u00e7uklular\u2019m, Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlular\u2019m, Safeviler\u2019in, \u00c7ald\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ise Osmanl\u0131lann, 1639 senesinde yap\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran anla\u015fmas\u0131na esasen G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yerle\u015fti\u011fi araziler \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n tabili\u011fine ge\u00e7tikten sonra \u0130revan (Erivan) Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na tabi olan \u015e\u00f6reyel Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n inzibati-arazi b\u00f6lgesine dahil olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Nadir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n zaman\u0131nda (1746 T\u00fcrkiye-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r kesiminden sonra.) \u0130zmir etraf\u0131ndan gelip, \u00c7ukur-Seed\u2019de yerle\u015fen Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 S\u00fclalesi G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de konumland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ve Muhammet o\u011flu Ayd\u0131n Bey s\u0131n\u0131r memuru tayin edilir.[2]<\/p>\n

s. 254.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1802 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131nda Rus Ordular\u0131 Pembek da\u011flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek ilk kez \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019e girdi\u011fi zaman, G\u00fcmr\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00f6y\u00fc anlat\u0131yormu\u015f. Kendi mevkiine g\u00f6re askeri ve stratejik bak\u0131mdan \u00f6nem arz etti\u011finden, G\u00fcmr\u00fc tarihen Rus-\u0130ran sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kanl\u0131 meydan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.[3]<\/p>\n

Ruslar\u0131n komutan\u0131 Knyaz Sisianov 12 Haziran 1804 senesinde \u0130revan han\u0131na g\u00f6nderdigi mektubunda arz ediyordu ki, o, \u0130revan Kalesini ele ge\u00e7irmek niyetindedi.[4]<\/p>\n

Sisianov \u015e\u00f6reyel Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya birle\u015ftir\u00fcmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde belgeyi aksettiren raporunda, G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Muhtar\u0131 Cafer Bey, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tabiili\u011fine ge\u00e7ti\u011finden, imparatora sad\u0131k kalmak i\u00e7in, 31 Ocak 1805 y\u0131l\u0131nda o\u011flunu Karakilise\u2019ye Rus Ordular\u0131n\u0131n Kumandan\u0131 General Nesvetayev\u2019e g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve haber vererek, onun ordular\u0131 engel olmadan G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019den ge\u00e7erek \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019in merkezi olan Ertiy\u2019i alabilirler, diyor.[5]<\/p>\n

30 Mart 1805 senesinde Rus Ordular\u0131 Ertiy\u2019i (\u015fimdiki Ermenistan\u0131n Artik kenti<\/em>) i\u015fgal ederek, 20 Ekim tarihinde \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019in ebedi olarak Rusya\u2019n\u0131n himayesine ge\u00e7mesi konusunda 7 maddelik karar imzal\u0131yorlar.[6] Ruslar\u0131n \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019i i\u015fgalinden sonra \u0130revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmesi ve Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131k sorun olu\u015fturuyordu. 1807 senesinin ilkbahar aylar\u0131nda Erzurum Serkerdesi Yusuf Pa\u015fa, Nesvetayev\u2019e mektup g\u00f6ndererek arz ediyor ki, ate\u015fkes yoluyla G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc teslim etsin. May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n 19\u2019da Yusuf Pa\u015fa 7000 ki\u015filik orduyla Arpa\u00e7ay\u2019\u0131 ge\u00e7erek G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019ye h\u00fccum ediyor. Bu durumda Ruslar geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kal\u0131yor. G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sokaklar\u0131 kanl\u0131 sava\u015flara sahne oluyor. Yusuf Pa\u015fa Nesvetyev\u2019den bulundu\u011fu yerden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ederek, sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in er meydan\u0131na davet ediyor. Di\u011fer yandan zaman kazanan Nesvetayev ona yard\u0131ma gelen graf Gudovi\u00e7\u2019in ordular\u0131 ile birle\u015ferek h\u00fccuma ge\u00e7iyor. Neticede T\u00fcrk Ordular\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar vererek geri \u00e7ekilmeye mecbur oluyor.[7]<\/p>\n

General Nesvetayev graf Gudovi\u00e7\u2019e 29 Ekim 1807 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporunda \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sahibi Cafer Bey\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 Kerim Bey ve H\u00fcseyin Bey \u0130revan\u2019a H\u00fcseyinkulu Han\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar.\u201d[8] Genellikle Rus Ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019i i\u015fgal an\u0131ndan sonra \u0430\u0443n\u0131arazide ya\u015fayan Karapapak tayfalar\u0131n\u0131n Kars Pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n arazilerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130revan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n arazisinden \u00dc\u00e7kilise\u2019den (Ecmiedzin\u2019den) ka\u00e7an Ermeniler, Ruslar\u2019\u0131n himayesi alt\u0131nda, Pembek ve \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019de bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.[9] B\u00f6ylece b\u00f6lgenin m\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalisinin say\u0131s\u0131 azalt\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

s. 255<\/strong><\/p>\n

21 Temmuz 1809 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcmr\u00fc etraf\u0131nda Rus Ordular\u0131 ile \u0130ran \u015fahzadesi Abbas Mirze\u2019nin ordular\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar devam ediyordu. Ruslar bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada \u00fcst\u00fcnliik elde ederek kendi mevzilerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyorlar.[10]<\/p>\n

16 Haziran 1826 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130revan Han\u0131\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi Hasan Han\u2019\u0131n ordular\u0131 G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc kurtarmak i\u00e7in yeniden h\u00fccuma ge\u00e7iyor. Ama o iste\u011fine kavu\u015fam\u0131yor.[11] Ruslar ba\u015fl\u0131ca mevzilerini G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de toplayarak \u0130revan \u00fczerine h\u00fccuma haz\u0131rlan\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan Ermeniler, Rus Ordusu ile birlikte G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019ye gelerek k\u0131smen de olsa b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fiyorlar. 1826-1828 Rusya-\u0130ran, 1828-1829 Rusya-T\u00fcrkiye sava\u015flarmdan sonra (T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay ve Edime anla\u015fmalarma g\u00f6re) Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fayan Ermenilere, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da i\u015fgal etti\u011fi arazilere (Karaba\u011f ve \u0130revan b\u00f6lgeleri esas olmak \u00fczere) g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine izin verilmi\u015ftir. Sadece 1828-1829 senelerinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc ve Tal\u0131n\u2019a 2500 aileden olu\u015fan Kars Ermenileri yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.[12]<\/p>\n

Sava\u015ftan sonra b\u00f6lgede yerle\u015fen T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin ahalisi yaylaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, evleri ve e\u015fyalar\u0131 Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan t\u00e4lan edilmi\u015ftir. De\u011ferli e\u015fyalar\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin elinden al\u0131narak Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7menlerine verilmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrkleri hayvan bar\u0131naklar\u0131nda ya\u015famaya zorlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu olaylardan sonra b\u00f6lgenin mevcut T\u00fcrk ahalisi toplu \u015fekilde g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ermeni tarih\u00e7ileri G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ahalisi hakk\u0131nda istatisti\u011fi bilgileri sadece 1831 senesinden itibaren ele almaktalar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o zamana kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ermeniler\u2019in sayesinde, G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn n\u00fcfuzu say\u0131ca Ermeniler\u2019in \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama Kafkasya Cani\u015fili\u011fi\u2019nin ar\u015fiv belgelerinde Rus Ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019e girdi\u011fi zaman b\u00f6lgede bir Ermeni dahi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bilgi verilmiyor. K\u0131saca, bu zamana kadar b\u00f6lgede hi\u00e7bir Ermeni ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f, aksine T\u00fcrkler\u2019in b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve a\u011f\u0131rh\u011f\u0131ndan bahsediliyor.<\/p>\n

1837 senesinde \u0130mparator l.Nikolay\u2019\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de askeri yerle\u015fim merkezinin temeli at\u0131l\u0131yor ve bu merkeze \u0130mparatori\u00e7enin onuruna Aleksandropol ad\u0131 veriliyor.[13] 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda Aleksandropol kazas\u0131 olu\u015fturulur ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc Guberniyas\u0131\u2019nm terkibine devredilir. Daha sonra 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkas Cani\u015fili\u011finin yeni inzibati b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fcne esasen Aleksandropol ve \u0130revan Kazalar\u0131 Tiflis Guberniyas\u0131na devrediliyor. 1849 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130revan Guberniyas\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu zaman Aleksandropol Kazas\u0131 bu Guberniyan\u0131n terkibine dahil edilir. Aleksandropol Kazas\u0131n\u0131n terkibinde 4 m\u0131nt\u0131ka – Akbulak (49 k\u00f6yden olu\u015fuyor), C\u0131z\u0131klar (43 k\u00f6y),<\/p>\n

s. 256<\/strong><\/p>\n

Horom (38 k\u00f6y) ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Karakilise (31 k\u00f6y) olmu\u015ftur.[14]<\/p>\n

Aleksandropol resmi \u015fehir stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc 1850 senesinde alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu andan itibaren 1920 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar gibi bir s\u00fcrede \u015fehrin ahalisi \u0130revan \u015eehrinin ahalisinden fazla olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ermeni tarih\u00e7isi V.Parsamyan\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda, 1831 senesinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de 3444 ki\u015fi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Bunlar\u0131n 3194 Ermeni, 250\u2019si ise di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor.[15] \u00d6te yandan o, G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn eski T\u00fcrk b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011funu ink\u00e4r ederek, ba\u015fka bir eserinde Ermeni riyak\u00e4rh\u011f\u0131 ile \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cBu devirde (yani 1850 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kastederek) Aleksandropol\u2019un n\u00fcfusu 11280 ki\u015fiye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve t\u00fcm n\u00fcfusu Ermeniler\u2019den olu\u015fan yegane Ermenistan \u015eehri idi.[16] Di\u011fer yandan Kafkas Kalendar\u0131n\u0131n (takvim) 1951 y\u0131l\u0131 bas\u0131m\u0131nda \u015fehrin n\u00fcfusu konusunda \u015f\u00f6yle bilgi verilmekte: Ermeniler-10696, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar-410, Yunanlar-165, Ruslar ise 165, toplam 11280.[17] Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fehirde 7 kervansaray, 45 d\u00fckkan, 16 kahvehanenin de mevcut oldu\u011fu bildirilmekte.\u201d[18]<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc ve onun civar k\u00f6ylerinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ermeniler toplu \u015fekilde yerle\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgenin 100\u2019e yak\u0131n k\u00f6y\u00fcn T\u00fcrk ahalisi g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. N\u00fcfusun, 1873 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n bilgilerine g\u00f6re \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019de 9 T\u00fcrk k\u00f6y\u00fc, 9 da ermenilerle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k T\u00fcrk k\u00f6y\u00fc mevcut idi.[19] G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn T\u00fcrk ahalisi zengin tacirlerden olu\u015fuyordu. Onlar\u0131n arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da \u0130ran ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda ticari ili\u015fkiler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. B\u00f6lge 1843 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkasya\u2019da gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 8. s\u0131radayd\u0131. 1845 senesinden itibaren her y\u0131l \u015fehirde iki hafta s\u00fcreyle ticaret fuarlar\u0131 d\u00fczenleniyordu.[20]<\/p>\n

1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkasya\u2019da yap\u0131lan genel say\u0131m\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Aleksandropol Kazas\u0131nda 16905 aile, 135731 ki\u015fiden 680 aile ve 5461 ki\u015fi T\u00fcrk idi. G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de ise toplam 89 aile 881 ki\u015fi T\u00fcrk ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bilgi verilmektedir.[21]<\/p>\n

1 Ocak 1905 tarihine kadar Aleksandropol kazas\u0131nda m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 9837,<\/p>\n

s.257<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de ise 1572 ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur.[22] Rusya\u2019da, Kas\u0131m 1917 devriminden sonra Rus Ordular\u0131 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce i\u015fgal ettikleri Kars Vilayeti\u2019nden geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, Ermeniler Ruslar\u2019\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek, Kars ve civar k\u00f6ylerinde, G\u00fcmr\u00fc ve civar k\u00f6ylerinde ya\u015fayan m\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk milletini vah\u015fice katletmi\u015flerdir. 29 Nisan 1918 senesinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019den Ah\u0131lkelek yolu ile arabalarla G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a, oradan da Azerbaycan\u2019a gitmek isteyen 3000\u2019e yak\u0131n T\u00fcrk insan\u0131n\u0131, kad\u0131n, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuk demeden yollarda hunharca katletmi\u015flerdir.[23]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Ordular\u0131 Erzurum ve Kars\u2019\u0131 Ermeni zulm\u00fcnden kurtarmak i\u00e7in 15 May\u0131s tarihinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019ye h\u00fccum ediyorlar. \u015eehre girmeden \u00f6nce K\u00e4z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019deki Ermeni h\u00fck\u00fcmetine: \u201c\u015eehirdeki mevcut T\u00fcrk ahaliyi k\u00f6pr\u00fc ba\u015f\u0131na gelerek teslim edin\u201d – diyerek mektup g\u00f6nderir. Bunun \u00fczerine tela\u015fa kap\u0131lan Ermeniler, G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de bulunan 250 haneden olu\u015fan T\u00fcrkleri arabalara bindirerek, Arpa\u00e7ay K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erek T\u00fcrk Ordular\u0131na teslim ediyorlar.[24] Bu olayla ilgili K\u00e4z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc k\u00f6ylerinde \u00e7ok az say\u0131da ya\u015fl\u0131 kad\u0131n ve erkek kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de 8-10 T\u00fcrk evi vard\u0131. Orada T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7leri ise yoktu. Ya\u015fl\u0131 T\u00fcrk anne ve babalar askerlerimize sar\u0131larak \u00f6p\u00fcyorlar. Elinde kanl\u0131 bir asa, aksakall\u0131 ve bir \u00e7ok yerlerinden kanlar akan, fakat dimdik ayakta duran bir baba askerimizin boynuna sar\u0131larak \u015f\u00f6yle hayk\u0131r\u0131yor: \u201c1878 sava\u015f\u0131ndan beri bir g\u00fcn dahi \u00fcmidimizi yitirmeden, size kavu\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 biliyorduk. Fakat, art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonuna kadar dahi ayr\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131z. Ve g\u00f6zlerinden ya\u015flar ak\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Yaral\u0131, aksa\u00e7l\u0131 ve kanla \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f sa\u00e7lar\u0131 sanki ba\u015f\u0131na bir T\u00fcrk bayra\u011f\u0131 sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc veren ihtiyar kad\u0131n, di\u011fer bir askerimize sar\u0131larak \u015f\u00f6yle hayk\u0131nyordu: \u201cO\u011flum, bizi bu duruma Ermeniler getirdi. Fakat \u00e7ok \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr ki, bir daha gelmeyecekler. O\u011flum, Karabekir Pa\u015fa nerededir? Ben ona sar\u0131lmadan \u00f6lmek istemiyorum.\u201d Ve beni g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anda bay\u0131l\u0131yor. Dizlerime sar\u0131l\u0131p, g\u00f6z ya\u015flar\u0131, h\u0131\u00e7k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131 ile \u015f\u00fckranlar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve dualar ediyordu.\u201d[25]<\/p>\n

K\u00e4z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa askeri mevzilerini, Ruslardan kalan askeri \u00fcslerde konumland\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra, \u015fehirde asayi\u015fi ve d\u00fczeni yeniliyor. B\u00f6ylece \u015fehrin eski T\u00fcrk yerlileri kendi evlerine ve yurtlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

26 May\u0131s 1918 senesinde Kafkasya Seymi b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra G\u00fcrcistan, Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e4n ediyorlar. 4 Haziran\u2019da Batum\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye ile bar\u0131\u015f ve dostluk anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131yor. Kars Vilayeti\u2019nin arazisi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle, Aleksandropol Kazas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ve Kars-Aleksandropol-Culfa<\/p>\n

s. 258<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019da bir \u015fehir) demiryolu hatt\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7iyor.[26]<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Anadolu cephesi 9.0rdu Komutan\u0131 Yakup \u015eevki Pa\u015fa, G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019l\u00fc Cihangiro\u011flu \u0130brahim Bey\u2019i (Rus ar\u015fivlerinde soyad\u0131 Cahangirov olarak kaydedilmi\u015ftir) Do\u011fu \u015e\u00f6reyel\u2019e kaymakam tayin ediyor.[27] O, T\u00fcrk bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yerle\u015fen \u0130revan ve G\u00fcmr\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7menlerine her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131yor.[28] Sonralar \u0130brahim Bey Kars\u2019ta kurulan Cenubi -Garbi Kafkas H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7iliyor.<\/p>\n

l. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yenilgisinden sonra, 30 Ekim 1918 senesinde Mondros Anla\u015fmas\u0131na esasen T\u00fcrk Ordular\u0131 kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalisinin k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00fcnleri yeniden ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131lda rusca \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cGruziya\u201d (G\u00fcrcistan) Gazetesi \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cAleksandropol\u2019da Ermeni g\u00fc\u00e7leri artileriyadan m\u00fcsl\u00fcman hanelerine ate\u015f a\u00e7arak, kendi silahlar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7 oranlarm\u0131 kontrol ediyorlard\u0131.\u201d[29]<\/p>\n

\u015eahitlerin s\u00f6ylediklerine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrk Ordular\u0131 geri \u00e7ekildikten sonra G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalisinin tehlikesiz bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Hac\u0131 Abbaso\u011flu Kerbelayi Muhammet A\u011fa, Akbaba Nahiyesinin arazisinde yegane Ermeni k\u00f6y\u00fc olan Karamemmed K\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn Ermenileri\u2019ni (ermeniler 1879 senesi g\u00f6\u00e7 tazminat\u0131ndan sonra burada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.) rehin olarak saklat\u0131r. G\u00fcmr\u00fcl\u00fcler\u2019in ev e\u015fyalarm\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in civar k\u00f6ylerden 100\u2019e yak\u0131n araba ayarlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ak\u015famdan haz\u0131rlanan arabalar sabah\u0131n erken saatlerinde yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Kafile Arpa\u00e7ay \u00fczerindeki k\u00f6pr\u00fcye yakla\u015ft\u0131kta yolun her iki taraf\u0131nda \u00f6nceden saklanan ermeni silahl\u0131 desteleri onlara h\u00fccum ediyorlar. Bunu g\u00f6ren G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn adl\u0131-sanl\u0131 zengini Hac\u0131 Usub O\u011flu H\u00fcmbet A\u011fa sinirlenerek \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cK\u0131rm, k\u0131rm, di sizin mezhebinizi…. Bu mu sizin erkekli\u011finiz? Silahs\u0131z insanlar\u0131, \u00e7ocuk, kad\u0131n ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek erkeklik de\u011fil.\u201d<\/p>\n

O deh\u015fetli k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131n ard\u0131ndan civar k\u00f6ylerden seferber edilen tekce birka\u00e7 arabac\u0131yla, bir ne\u00e7e \u015fahs Arpa\u00e7ay \u00fczerindeki k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc ge\u00e7erek, T\u00fcrk topra\u011f\u0131 olan Molla Musa K\u00f6y\u00fcne ula\u015fabildiler.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de yap\u0131lacak soyk\u0131r\u0131m haberi \u00f6nceden Karamemmed K\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn Ermenileri\u2019ne bildirildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, onlar o gece derenin i\u00e7i ile y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek, G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019ye ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fcl\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7menler ilk \u00f6nce Kars Vilayeti\u2019nin k\u00f6ylerine yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdi. Kas\u0131m 1918 senesinde Kars\u2019ta Milli \u015e\u00fcra kuruluyor. Sonra ise Milli \u015e\u00fcran\u0131n karar\u0131 ile Batum\u2019dan Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019a kadar olan araziyi birle\u015ftiren Cenubi-Q\u0259rbi Kafkas C\u00fcmhuriyeti kuruluyor. 12 Nisan 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler bu h\u00fck\u00fcmeti alarak Kars\u0131<\/p>\n

s.259<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermenilere teslim ediyorlar.[30] G\u00fcmr\u00fc Kazas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7men T\u00fcrkleri, Ermeni Ordular\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgal edemedi\u011fi A\u011fbaba ve Zer\u015fad b\u00f6lgelerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131yorlar. Binlerce a\u00e7 ve susuz g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden her g\u00fcn 40-50 ki\u015fi \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[31]<\/p>\n

Nisan 1920 senesinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc demiryolu istasyonunda Ermeniler bir kez daha soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorlar. Azerbaycan\u2019a ve ba\u015fka yerlere gitmek \u00fczere \u0130revan\u2019daki Azerbaycan El\u00e7isinin verdi\u011fi pasaportlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan, \u0130revan civar\u0131ndan trenle Gence\u2019ye giden 500 T\u00fcrk G\u00fcmr\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda vah\u015fice katletmi\u015flerdir.[32]<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc ve etraf b\u00f6lgelerinde ba\u015f veren soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar 1920 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilkbahar\u0131na kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgenin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalisini Ermeni zulm\u00fcnden T\u00fcrk Ordusu kurtar\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkler Ekim ay\u0131n\u0131n 29\u2019da Kars\u2019\u0131 kurtard\u0131ktan sonra K\u00e4z\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fan\u0131n kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 7 Kas\u0131m tarihinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc kurtararak, \u0130revan \u00fczerine h\u00fccum ediyor.<\/p>\n

Nisan 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bak\u00fc\u2019de Bol\u015fevik devriminden sonra Azerbaycan Ordusunun Karaba\u011f s\u00fcvari alay\u0131 H\u00fcdaferin K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erek, \u0130ran arazisinden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ge\u00e7iyor. Bu alay 12. divizyan\u0131n emrine verilmi\u015f, Kars\u2019\u0131 kurtarma operasyonunda 9. piyade tugay\u0131n\u0131n terkibine ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Azerbaycan askeri birlikleri T\u00fcrk Ordular\u0131n\u0131n Ermenistan seferinde de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc ve Cacur sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra \u0130revan\u2019a y\u00f6nelen b\u00f6l\u00fckler Ermenilerin bar\u0131\u015f istemelerine g\u00f6re D\u00fczkent K\u00f6y\u00fcne geri \u00e7ekilme emri alm\u0131\u015f ve burada ihtiyati g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak bekletiliyordu.[33]<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Ordular\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenik d\u00fc\u015fen Ta\u015fnak (Ter\u00f6r \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) H\u00fck\u00fcmeti 18 Kas\u0131m\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f istemi\u015f ve anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Arpa\u00e7ay Nehrinden 15 km do\u011fuya \u00e7ekilmeye mecbur olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

2-3 Aral\u0131k tarihlerinde iki taraf aras\u0131nda G\u00fcmr\u00fc Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[34] Anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Ermenistan \u015fimdiki arazinin \u00fc\u00e7te iki hissesini kaybetmekle, 1500 askerden, 8 sahra topu ve 8 u\u00e7aksavardan fazla ordu bar\u0131nd\u0131rma yetkisinden mahrum ediliyordu.<\/p>\n

Kas\u0131m 1920 senesinde Ermenistan\u2019da Sovyet Hakimiyetinin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra G\u00fcmr\u00fc anla\u015fmas\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz il\u00e4n ediliyor. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n tekidi ile T\u00fcrk birlikleri<\/p>\n

s.260<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc terk ederek, Arpa\u00e7ay Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fusuna \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1920 senesinden sonra G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de Ermeniler ile akraba olarak kayna\u015fma i\u00e7erisinde olan sadece bir T\u00fcrk ailesinden ba\u015fka kimse ya\u015fam\u0131yordu. 1924 senesinde G\u00fcmr\u00fc Kentine Leninak\u00e4n ad\u0131 veriliyor. 1988 Ermenistan depreminden sonra kent, \u015fimdiki yerinden bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yeniden in\u015fa edilerek ve ismini de G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019ye benzer G\u00fcmayri ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ama t\u00fcm tarihi kaynaklarda kentin eski ad\u0131 G\u00fcmr\u00fc gibi yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Ermeniler 1992 senesinde kentin eski ad\u0131n\u0131 yeniden koymak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[35]<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

This article, first of all, is a proof that serious researches weren\u2019t dealt with history of G\u00fcmr\u00fc to reveal the truths by our historians up to now.<\/p>\n

The Armenian Historians, on the other hand, commented and changed its history of this area that belongs to O\u011fuz Country without researching.<\/p>\n

The above-mentioned word \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc\u201d is geographical term which means \u201cHillock (Height) near the river\u201d in ancient Turkish Language.<\/p>\n

The Armenian really called \u201cTurkish Quarter\u201d since they settled down the old hill of the city up to 1988.<\/p>\n

First Agreement that is signed by Turkish Govemment happened at \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc\u201d. Thus, It made history as the f\u0131rst political victory.<\/p>\n

Finally, this 18-entries agreement is brought into force at once.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: Be\u015fir MUSTAFAYEV,<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Tarih Ana Bilim Dal\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Entit\u00fcs\u00fc dergisi, Y\u0131l 9, Say\u0131 20, Erzerum-2002. 253-260.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu, Fahrettin, Kars Tarihi, s.154, \u0130stanbul, 1953.<\/p>\n

[2]Cenubi-Garbi Kafkas H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ge\u00e7ici Milliyesi, (Belgeler. Fotograflar). s. 207, \u0130stanbul, 1986.<\/p>\n

[3]Kafkazskiy Kalendar na 1851, \u0441.\u0417, s.104, Tiflis 1850.<\/p>\n

[4]Akt\u0131 Sobiranie Kafkazskoy Arkeologiceskoy Komissiey, c.2, s. 615, Tiflis, 1868.<\/p>\n

[5]Akt\u0131, c.2, 1868, s.672.<\/p>\n

[6]. a.g.e, s.577-578.<\/p>\n

[7] Voennaya Ansiklopediya, G\u00fcmr\u00fc Makalesi, s. 537, Petersburg, 1912.<\/p>\n

[8]Akt\u0131, \u0441.\u0417, 1869, s.240.<\/p>\n

[9]\u00a0Voennaya Ansiklopediya, a.g.m, s.537.<\/p>\n

[10] Akt\u0131, c.4, 1870, s. 690.<\/p>\n

[11] Akt\u0131, c.6, 2.hisse, 1875, s.355.<\/p>\n

[12] Parsamyan V., \u0130storiya Armyanskogo Naroda, s.66, Erivan, 1972<\/p>\n

[13] Kafkazskiy Kalendar na 1851 goda,s. 105, Tiflis, 1850.<\/p>\n

[14] Svod Statikticeskih Dann\u0131h o Naseleniya Zakavkazskogo Kraya, Izvlesenn\u0131h \u0130z Posemeyn\u0131h Spiskov 1886 goda, Tiflis 1893.<\/p>\n

[15] Parsamyan V., Hay Azadagragan \u015earjumneri Badmutyunis, s. 85, Erivan, 1958.<\/p>\n

[16] Parsamyan V., \u0130storiya Armyanskogo Naroda, s.98, Erivan, 1972.<\/p>\n

[17] Kafkazskiy Kalendar Na 1852 goda, s.277, Tiflis 1851.<\/p>\n

[18] a.g.m, s.280.<\/p>\n

[19] Materiali Dlya \u0130zue\u00e7eniya Ekonomi\u00e7eskogo B\u0131ta Gosudarstvenn\u0131h Krestyan Zakafkazskogo Kraya, Tom.l, V\u0131pusk 1, s.5, Tiflis 1885.<\/p>\n

[20] Parsamyan V., Hay Azadagragan \u015earjumneri Badmutyanis, s.89.<\/p>\n

[21] Svod Statiti\u00e7eskih Dann\u0131h o Naselenii Zakavkazskogo Kraya, \u0130zvlecenn\u0131h \u0130z Posemeyn\u0131h Spiskov 1886 goda, s.328, Tiflis 1893.<\/p>\n

[22] Kavkazskiy Kalendar na 1907 goda, s.328, Tiflis, 1906.<\/p>\n

[23] Kars \u015eehitlikleri ve Mehmet\u00e7i\u011fimiz, s.73, 315, Ankara, 1986.<\/p>\n

[24] Erdo\u011fan Fahrettin, T\u00fcrk Ellerinde Hat\u0131ralar\u0131m, s.155, \u0130stanbul, 1954.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[25] K\u00e4z\u0131m Karabekir\u2019in Kaleminden, Do\u011funun Kurtulu\u015fu, s.371, Erzurum, 1990.<\/p>\n

[26] Zavriev, D.S. K Novey\u015fey \u0130storii \u00c7evero-Vostocn\u0131h Vilayetov Tur\u00e7ii, s.71, Tblisi (Tiflis), 1947.<\/p>\n

[27] Azerbaycan Respublikas Devlet Ar\u015fivi, F.970, siyah\u0131 1, \u0130\u015f 27.<\/p>\n

[28] Cenubi-Garbi Kafkas H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Mufakkati Milliesi, Belgeler,Foto\u011fraflar, s.211, Ankara, 1986.<\/p>\n

[29] Gruziya Gazetesi, 28 Kas\u0131m 1918.<\/p>\n

[30] Azerbaycan Respublikas\u0131 Devlet Ar\u015fivi, F.897, Siyah\u0131 1, \u0130\u015f 64, v.2.<\/p>\n

[31] Kars \u015eehitlikleri ve Mehmet\u00e7i\u011fimiz, Haz\u0131rlayan C. Arslano\u011flu, s.329, Ankara, 1987.<\/p>\n

[32] Baykara H\u00fcseyin, \u201cl.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda,Osmanl\u0131 Ordusunda.\u0130stikl\u00e4l Sava\u015f\u0131nda Turkiye Ordusunda Azerbaycan Askeri K\u0131talar\u0131.\u201d Makalesi, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, s.72-74, \u0130stanbul, 1964<\/p>\n

[33] T\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi, c.18, \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc m\u00fchrebesi\u201d makalaesi\u201d, s. 156-157, 1976.<\/p>\n

[34] V.Gurko-Kryajin, Ermeni Meselesi, s.17, Bak\u00fc, 1990; Voennaya Ansiklopedya, s.261, Moskva, 1976.<\/p>\n

[35] Bayramov Aslan, \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc\u201d makalesi, \u0130lim ve Hayat Dergisi, Bak\u00fc, 1990.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\t
\t\t \t\t\"\"<\/a> \t\t  <\/span> \t\tM\u0259qal\u0259ni PDF format\u0131na \u00e7evir<\/span> \t\t  <\/span> \t\t \t\t \t<\/form> <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nazim MUSTAFA, Azerbaycan \u0130limler Akademisi \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi \u00d6ZET s. 253 Bu makale, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce G\u00fcmr\u00fc tarihi hakk\u0131nda ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in \u015fimdiye kadar tarih\u00e7ilerimiz taraf\u0131ndan ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan Ermeni tarih\u00e7ileri ise O\u011fuz Yurdu olan bu b\u00f6lgenin tarihini kendilerine has bir \u015fekilde yorumlam\u0131\u015f ve de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. S\u00f6z konusu \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fc\u201d kelimesi eski T\u00fcrk […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":502,"featured_media":477,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[37,38,39],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/502"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=476"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":478,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/476\/revisions\/478"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}