{"id":975,"date":"2017-08-03T19:43:41","date_gmt":"2017-08-03T19:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/?p=975"},"modified":"2021-07-18T19:41:41","modified_gmt":"2021-07-18T19:41:41","slug":"kars-vilayetinin-rusya-isgali-donemindeki-demografik-degisikligi-1878-1918","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/?p=975","title":{"rendered":"KARS V\u0130LAYET\u0130N\u0130N RUSYA \u0130\u015eGAL\u0130 D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDEK\u0130 DEMOGRAF\u0130K DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130KL\u0130\u011e\u0130 (1878-1918)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Nazim MUSTAFA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan-Bak\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Co\u011frafi konumuna g\u00f6re Kars b\u00f6lgesi Rusya’n\u0131n askeri-strateji kilgi alanlar\u0131ndan olmu\u015ftur. Rus ordusu 1807, 1828, 1855, 1877 y\u0131llar\u0131nda -4 kez Kars \u00fczerine h\u00fccum etmi\u015ftir. 1877-1878 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Rus-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131nda i\u015fgal edilen b\u00f6lgede Rus y\u00f6netimine uygun merkezi Kars \u015fehri olmakla Kars vilayeti olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. 1878 Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Rusya’n\u0131n idarecili\u011fini kabul etmeyen 80 binden fazla T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu Kars vilayetini terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. F\u0131rsattan yararlanan Ermeniler ve Rumlar Kars vilayetine ak\u0131n etmi\u015fler. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya`s\u0131 yeni i\u015fgal etti\u011fi topraklarda rusla\u015fd\u0131rma ve H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgeye rus tarikat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan olan molokanlar ve duhoborlar ve di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan halklar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. 1914-1915 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kars vilayetinde T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan katliamlardan sonra Ermeni n\u00fcfusu ilk kez say\u0131ca T\u00fcrkleri ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131nda ya\u015fanan iktidar de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden sonra Rus ordusu Do\u011fu Anadolu’dan geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. 1918 Brest-Litovsk Anla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fince Kars vilayeti 40 y\u0131l sonra yeniden T\u00fcrkiye’ye iade edilmi\u015ftir. Bundan sonra Rusya’n\u0131n Kars vilayetinde yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi H\u0131ristiyanlar zamanla b\u00f6lgeyi terk etmi\u015f, b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6nceki etnik d\u00fczeni yeniden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Anahtar kelimeler:<\/strong> Kars, Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye, Kafkas, T\u00fcrkler, T\u00fcrk halk\u0131, molokanlar, duhoborlar.<\/p>\n

Demographic changes during the Russian occupation of <\/strong>Kars Province<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1878-1918)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nazim Mustafa<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph.D. in History <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Due to its favorable geographical position, the Kars Province was included in the military-strategic interests of Russia. <\/em>Russian army attacked Kars four times: in 1807, 1828, 1855 and 1877. Kars Province was established with the capital city of Kars conforming with the Russian\u00a0regime in the occupied territories as a result of\u00a0 the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u201378.According to the terms of the Treaty of Berlin signed in 1878 more than 80,000 Turkish population, who renounced the Russian citizenship were forced to leave Kars Province. Seizing the opportunity, Armenians and Greeks thronged to Kars Province. Tsarist Russia had implemented a policy of Russification and Christianization in the newly occupied territories. The region was mainly settled by the Russian sectarians such as the Molokans, the Doukhobors and other Christian peoples.\u00a0 The Armenians exceeded the number of Turks for the first time after the massacres perpetrated against the Turkish people in Kars in 1914-1915.After the change of power in Tsarist Russia in 1917,the Russian army had withdrawn from the Eastern Anatolia <\/em>Region.<\/p>\n

According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, the Kars Province had been returned to Turkey after 40 years. After that, the Christian population resettled in the Kars Province by Russia had gradually left the region and the previous ethnic landscape was restored in the area.<\/p>\n

Key words:<\/strong> Kars, Russia, Turkey, Caucasus, Turks, the Turkish people, Molokans, Doukhobors.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n i\u015fgal etti\u011fi topraklarda rusla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve yerel n\u00fcfusun etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fdirilmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00f6nceliklerinden olmu\u015ftur. XIX y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesiyle bu b\u00f6lgeye \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiyesinden 120 binden fazla Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.[i]<\/a> Rusya’n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerle\u015fim politikas\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok Ermeniler faydalanm\u0131\u015flar. Bununla yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Rusya’n\u0131n Volga boyu`ndan G\u00fcney Kafkasya’da i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelere Ortodoks (Pravoslav) tarikat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (molokanlar, duhoborlar, subbotnikler vb.) yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

I Petro zaman\u0131ndan itibaren Hint Okyanusuna ve s\u0131cak denizlere \u00e7\u0131kmak Rusya’n\u0131n i\u015fgalci politikas\u0131n\u0131n temel hedeflerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Bu iste\u011fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Rusya’n\u0131n, ilk \u00f6nce \u00f6nemli stratejik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan askeri istihkam kalelerini ele ge\u00e7irmesi gerekiyordu. XIX y\u00fczy\u0131lda Rus askerleri Erzurum`a ba\u011fl\u0131 Kars pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine 4 kez -1807, 1828, 1855, 1877 y\u0131llar\u0131nda sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rus ordusu 5 kas\u0131m 1877 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 Kars \u015fehrini i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra\u00a0 Kars`da Kafkas cani\u015finliyine ba\u011fl\u0131 askeri valilik y\u00f6netimi kurulmu\u015ftur. 1878 y\u0131l\u0131ndak\u0131 Berlin antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kars vilayeti harp tazminat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Rusya’n\u0131n idare\u00e7ili\u011fine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Kars vilayetinin 1918 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devam eden Rusya`n\u0131n i\u015f\u011falci siyaseti T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda \u201c40 y\u0131ll\u0131k siyah g\u00fcnler\u201d olarak ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

[i]<\/a>\u015eavrov N.N. Novaya Uqroza Russkomu Delu v Zakavkazye: Predstoya\u015faya Prodaja Muqani inorodtsam, Sankt-Peterburq, 1911, s. 63.<\/p>\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n i\u015fgal etti\u011fi topraklarda rusla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ve yerel n\u00fcfusun etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fdirilmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00f6nceliklerinden olmu\u015ftur. XIX y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131’n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesiyle bu b\u00f6lgeye \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiyesinden 120 binden fazla Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.[1]<\/a> Rusya’n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerle\u015fim politikas\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok Ermeniler faydalanm\u0131\u015flar. Bununla yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Rusya’n\u0131n Volga boyu`ndan G\u00fcney Kafkasya’da i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelere Ortodoks (Pravoslav) tarikat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (molokanlar, duhoborlar, subbotnikler vb.) yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

I Petro zaman\u0131ndan itibaren Hint Okyanusuna ve s\u0131cak denizlere \u00e7\u0131kmak Rusya’n\u0131n i\u015fgalci politikas\u0131n\u0131n temel hedeflerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Bu iste\u011fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Rusya’n\u0131n, ilk \u00f6nce \u00f6nemli stratejik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan askeri istihkam kalelerini ele ge\u00e7irmesi gerekiyordu. XIX y\u00fczy\u0131lda Rus askerleri Erzurum`a ba\u011fl\u0131 Kars pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine 4 kez -1807, 1828, 1855, 1877 y\u0131llar\u0131nda sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rus ordusu 5 kas\u0131m 1877 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 Kars \u015fehrini i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra\u00a0 Kars`da Kafkas cani\u015finliyine ba\u011fl\u0131 askeri valilik y\u00f6netimi kurulmu\u015ftur. 1878 y\u0131l\u0131ndak\u0131 Berlin antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kars vilayeti harp tazminat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Rusya’n\u0131n idare\u00e7ili\u011fine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Kars vilayetinin 1918 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devam eden Rusya`n\u0131n i\u015f\u011falci siyaseti T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda \u201c40 y\u0131ll\u0131k siyah g\u00fcnler\u201d olarak ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

27 Aral\u0131k 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkas cani\u015finliyi Kars vilayetinin y\u00f6netim t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc onaylar. Kars vilayeti 6 daireye – Kars, Ardahan, Zer\u015fad, \u015e\u00fcregel, Ka\u011f\u0131zman, Oltu ve Poshov dairelerine, \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r ve Horasan nahiyelerine b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Kars’\u0131n sivil ve askeri valili\u011fi Kafkas Ordusu’nun Tiflis’teki ba\u015f komandosuna aittir.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

1881 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kars vilayetinin yeni idari b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc onaylanm\u0131\u015f, vilayet, Kars, Ardahan, Ka\u011f\u0131zman ve Oltu dairelerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Daireler s\u0131rayla 14 nayiheye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[3]<\/a> Sonradan defalarca Kars vilayetinin arazi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kars pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Rusya i\u015fgalinden \u00f6nce de onun demografik yap\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler meydana gelmi\u015ftir. 1801 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Rus birliklerinin Erivan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n Loru-Pembek b\u00f6lgesine girmesiyle, Karapapak T\u00fcrklerin Do\u011fu Anadolu’ya, \u00f6zellikle Kars pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ak\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcrcistan, Gence ve \u0130revan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgalinden sonra Rusya’n\u0131n idarecili\u011fini kabul etmeyen Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Karapapak T\u00fcrkleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Azerbaycanl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 zaman zaman Kars pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Rusya ile s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Rusya’n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya’y\u0131 i\u015fgali f\u0131rsat\u0131ndan yararlanan Ermeniler, Anadolu’nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinden toplu \u015fekilde g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Gence, Erivan, Nah\u00e7\u0131van hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, Ah\u0131ska pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n Bor\u00e7al\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar. Sonu\u00e7ta Kars vilayetinde ya\u015fayan Ermenilerin say\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat, Ermeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 A.Po\u011fosyan1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda E\u00e7miedzin`de yay\u0131nlanan \u201cArarat\u201d dergisine istinaden yaz\u0131yor ki, g\u00fcya Berlin kongresi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Erzurum vilayetinin Kars ve \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r sancaklar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131nda Ermeni n\u00fcfusu 280 bini bulmu\u015ftur.[5]<\/a> Oysa, ger\u00e7ekler tamamen bunun aksini s\u00f6yler. Ermeniler Kars vilayetine d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelmi\u015f, Rus i\u015fgalinden sonra b\u00f6lgeyi terk ederek T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafiyada ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

8 \u015eubat 1879 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda imzalanan \u0130stanbul bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 7’nci maddesi uyar\u0131nca Rusya’ya taviz edilen b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde serbest \u015fekilde b\u00f6lgeyi terk etmek ve kendi ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n\u0131 satmak hakk\u0131 veriliyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00f6lgeyi terk etmeyen T\u00fcrkler Rusya idarecili\u011fine ge\u00e7mesi gerekiyordu.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kars valisi Viktor Frankini (1878-1881) Kafkas cani\u015finine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporunda, 1879 y\u0131l\u0131ndak\u0131 duruma g\u00f6re, vilayetin n\u00fcfusu 101 bin ki\u015fi olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n a\u011fustos ay\u0131n\u0131n 1-ne kadar T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131na 74 bin T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla beraber, 1880 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na vilayetin n\u00fcfusunun toplam say\u0131s\u0131 yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya azalm\u0131\u015f ve toplam say\u0131s\u0131 50 bin ki\u015fiden fazla de\u011fildir. 1879 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ekim 1-ne kadar sadece Kars \u015fehrini 1.154 t\u00fcrk ailesi (11.187 ki\u015fi) terk etmi\u015ftir. 1879 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131ndan itibaren 1880 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Haziran ay\u0131na kadar Kars vilayetini daha 4383 t\u00fcrk ailesi veya 42.853 ki\u015fi terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1880 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Haziran ay\u0131ndan, 1881 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131n\u0131n 1-ne kadar Kars vilayetini 82.760 ki\u015fi-T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin Kars vilayetini terk etmesi s\u00fcreci \u00f6ncelikle, Ermenilerin Erivan topraklar\u0131ndan ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin Ele\u015fkirt ve Pasinler il\u00e7elerinden Kars vilayetine hareket etmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yunanl\u0131lar ise G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane ve Sivas b\u00f6lgesinden Kars’a ak\u0131n etmi\u015flerdir.1882\u00a0 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ele\u015fkirt ve Van`dan Yezidi K\u00fcrtler de gelerek Ka\u011f\u0131zman`\u0131n Nah\u00e7\u0131van b\u00f6lgesinde yerle\u015fmi\u015fler. Van \u00e7evresinden gelen 200’den fazla Aysor (Asuri) ailesi de Kars`\u0131n Samavat k\u00f6y\u00fcnde yerle\u015fmi\u015fler. 1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya’n\u0131n Stavropol b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan Estonlar da Kars’a g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fler. 1890-1891 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ise Tiflis`te ya\u015fayan Almanlar\u0131n da bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Kars’a gelerek Petrovka k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve orada ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kars vilayetinin Rus administrasiyas\u0131 Ermenilerin T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 olan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak, onlar\u0131n toplu \u015fekilde ak\u0131m\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Rus yazar\u0131 N.\u015eavrov yaz\u0131yor ki, 1877-1878 y\u0131llar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’dan Kars vilayetinin bo\u015falm\u0131\u015f arazilerine 50 bin Ermeni ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 bin Yunan g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir.[9]<\/a> Kafkasya cani\u015fini ve Rus birliklerinin komutan\u0131 knez Mihail Nikolayevi\u00e7 Romanov (1862-1881) \u0131srarla Rusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden talep etmi\u015ftir ki, Rusya’n\u0131n i\u00e7 guberniyalar\u0131ndan Kars vilayetine 100 bin Rus yerle\u015ftirilsin.[10]<\/a> Kafkas cani\u015fininin yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Dmitri Svyatopolk-Mirski ruslar\u0131n Kars vilayetine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesini ister ve Rusya \u0130mparatoru II Aleksandra g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporunda Ermenilerin ve Rumlar\u0131n 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ah\u0131lkelek ve Ah\u0131ska`da iskan edinilmesi zaman\u0131 yap\u0131lan hatan\u0131n bir daha yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.[11]<\/a> Ama o zaman Rusya’n\u0131n \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 olan Ermeni Mixail Loris-Melikov (1880-1881) Ruslar\u0131n Kars vilayetine yerle\u015ftirilmesi plan\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na engel ola bilmi\u015fti.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ruslar\u0131n Kars vilayetinde ilk yerle\u015ftirilmesine 1878 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u0131ldan itibaren Yelizavetpol (Gence) ve Erivan guberniyalar\u0131nda yerle\u015ftirilen rus sektantlar\u0131ndan olan duhoborlar ve molokanlar Kars vilayetinin T\u00fcrklerden bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6ylerinde ve Kars \u015fehrinde yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. Rus sektantlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 18 k\u00f6ye yeni isimler konulmu\u015ftur. Bu k\u00f6ylere 7072 ki\u015fi (1088 aile) yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. [13]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kars ilinde ilk resmi n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kars ilinde n\u00fcfusun milli bile\u015fimini T\u00fcrkler, Karapapaklar, T\u00fcrkmenler, Ermeniler, K\u00fcrtler, Yunanl\u0131lar, Ruslar, Osetinler, ve Estonlar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131nda Kars vilayetinde 163 bin ki\u015finin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir. N\u00fcfusun 41.823-ni (25,6%) T\u00fcrkler, 14598-ni (8,9%) Karapapaqlar, 8.893-ni (5,4%) T\u00fcrkmenler, 36.188-i (22,1%) Ermeniler, 26.434-ni (16,2%) K\u00fcrtler , 23.525-ni (14,4%) Rumlar, 10.695-ni (6.5%) Ruslar, 430-ni (0,3%) Osetiner, 280-ni (0,2%)Estonlar olu\u015fturuyor.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

1890 y\u0131l\u0131nda Duhoborlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Kars vilayetini terk ederek Kanada’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederler. Bunun nedeni Duhoborlar\u0131n dinlerinde orduda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak yasakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ilk Rusya n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kars vilayetinde 290.654 ki\u015finin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. N\u00fcfusun 63.547-ni (21,3%) T\u00fcrkler, 29.879-ni (10,3%) Qarapapaklar, 8.442-nini (2,9%) T\u00fcrkmenler, 73.406-ni (25,3%) Ermeniler, 42.968-ni (14,8%) K\u00fcrtler , 32.593-ni (11,2%) Rumlar, 22.327-ni (7,7 %) Ruslar, 5.279-ni (1,8%) Ukraynlar, 3.243-ni (1,1 %) Polonyal\u0131lar, 2.347-ni (0,8%) oran\u0131nda Tatarlar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.[15]<\/a> Bu listeye\u00a0 bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nce Ermenilerin di\u011fer halklardan say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor. Oysa, T\u00fcrklerin toplam n\u00fcfusu 35,%, ve faiz itibariyle Ermenilerden yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 10 fazlad\u0131r. Mevcut Rus rejimi T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli halklar\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrkler\u201d, \u201cKarapapaklar\u201d, \u201cT\u00fcrkmenler\u201d, \u201cTatarlar\u201d olarak farkl\u0131 millet g\u00f6stererek T\u00fcrklerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1915-1916 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kars`ta ya\u015fanan Rus-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131 on binlerce T\u00fcrk\u00fc yok etmek ve vatanlar\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7 etme\u011fe mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece, bundan sonra T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu Ermeni n\u00fcfusundan az olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrklerin Kars`ta 1914-1915 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan\u00a0 soyk\u0131r\u0131ma g\u00f6rsel delil olarak, o d\u00f6nemde Tiflis’te yay\u0131nlanan y\u0131ll\u0131k \u201cKafkas Takvim\u201d lerinde n\u00fcf\u00fcsun istatistik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan gore biliriz.\u00a0 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonucunda yerli n\u00fcfus kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Ardahan`da 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Oltu`da ise 1915 ve 1916 y\u0131llar\u0131nda n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

1917 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cKafkas Takvimi\u201d ne g\u00f6re, 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kars ilinde 364.214 ki\u015fi ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlardan 102.748 -ni T\u00fcrkler, 118.217-ni Ermeniler, 67.450-ni K\u00fcrtler, 18.997-ni Ruslar, 38.145-ni Rumlar, 909-ni da\u011fl\u0131 halklar\u0131n temsilcileri olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Rusya’da 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eubat Devrimi ile \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulmu\u015ftur. 1918 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n mart\u0131n 9-da ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetin karar\u0131 ile Kafkas`ya cani\u015finliyi b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc G\u00fcney Kafkas`ya Komitesi olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. 1917 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n 5 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Erzincan’da G\u00fcney Kafkas`ya Komiserli\u011fi ile T\u00fcrkiye askeri komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda uzla\u015fma anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan itibaren Rus birliklerinin Do\u011fu Anadolu’dan kendili\u011finden geri \u00e7ekilmesinden istifade eden Ermeniler silah, m\u00fchimmat\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Geri \u00e7ekilen Rus-Ermeni birlikleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusunu vah\u015fice katlediyor, k\u00f6yleri yak\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Tiflis’te \u00e7\u0131kan gazeteler terhis edilmi\u015f Rus ordusunu \u201cYamyamlar Bandas\u0131na\u201d benzeterek Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f`tan G\u00fcmr\u00fcye kadar ge\u00e7tikleri b\u00f6lgeleri da\u011f\u0131tarak, harabe b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yorlard\u0131.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

12 \u015eubat 1918 y\u0131l\u0131ndaT\u00fcrk ordusu Ermenilerin Do\u011fu Anadolu’da yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katliamlara son vermek i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mi\u015fler. Ermeni birlikleri ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 Andranik, Hamazasp, Dro ve Njdeh`in ordusdu T\u00fcrklerin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na dayanamay\u0131p, geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015f, insanlar\u0131 katletmi\u015fler. Ermeni birlikleri genellikle Kars-G\u00fcmr\u00fc demiryolu hatt\u0131yla geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar. Demiryolu hatt\u0131 \u015e\u00fcregel nahiyesinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgede bulunan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131ma maruz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

3 Mart 1918 tarihli Brest-Litovsk antla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fince \u00fc\u00e7 sancakta (Batum, Kars, Ardahan) plebisit (halk\u0131n iradesini belirlemek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan oylama) ge\u00e7irmek karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Haziran\u0131n 12-de yap\u0131lan plebistin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, b\u00f6lgelerin yeniden T\u00fcrkiye’ye birle\u015ftirilmesi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrk ordusu 25 Nisanda Kars \u015fehrini Ermeni i\u015fgalinden kutarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ordusunun \u00f6n\u00fcnden Ermeni birliklerinin geri \u00e7ekilmesi ile birlikte, 40 y\u0131l boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerden gelerek Kars vilayetinde yerle\u015fen Ermeniler Erivan vilayetine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flar. Daha sonra ise Malakanlar ve Rumlar tedricen Kars vilayetinden g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiler. Kars vilayeti yeniden T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun yerle\u015fik oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u015eavrov N.N. Novaya Uqroza Russkomu Delu v Zakavkazye: Predstoya\u015faya Prodaja Muqani inorodtsam, Sankt-Peterburq, 1911, s. 63.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> A\u015fot Poqosyan. Karsskaya Oblast Sostave Rossii. Yerevan: Hayastan Yay\u0131nevi, 1983, s. 63.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u0130bid, 64.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>Arzumanl\u0131 Vagif, Mustafa Nazim. Tarihin Kara Sehifeleri. Bak\u00fc: Kartal, 1998, s. 43.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> A\u015fot Pogosyan. a.g.e., s. 71.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Sbornik Doqovorov Rossii s Druqimi Gosudarstvami (1856-1917). Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe \u0130zdatelstvo Politi\u00e7eskoy Literature, 1952, s. 209.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> A\u015fot Pogosyan, a.g.e., s. 122-123.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0 Candan Badem, \u00c7arl\u0131k Ruisiyas\u0131 D\u00f6neminde Kars Vilayeti, 2010, \u0130stanbul, Bir zamanlar yay\u0131n\u00e7i\u0131lk, 2010, s.59.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0 \u015eavrov N.N., a.g.e. s. 63.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Ibid, s. 68.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> A\u015fot Pogosyan, a.g.e., s. 128-129.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Candan Badem, a.g.e.,\u00a0 s.54.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Samarina Olga. Ob\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Molkanna Kavkaze: \u0130storiya, Kultura, B\u0131t, Xozyaystvennaya Deyatelnost, Doktoratezi, Stavropol, 2004, s. 55.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u00a0 Svod Statisti\u00e7eskix Dann\u0131x o Nasilenii Zakavkazskoqo Kraya \u0130zvi\u00e7enn\u0131x \u0130z Posemeyn\u0131x Spiskov 1886 q, Tiflis., 1893.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>PervayaVseob\u015faya Prrepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy \u0130mperii, 1897 g., 10.cilt, Karsskaya Oblast, Sankt-Peterburq, 1905; http:\/\/demoscope.ru\/weekly\/ssp\/rus_rel_97.php?reg=91.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>\u00a0 Kavkazskiy Kalendar na 1916 god, Tiflis, 1915, s. 118.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Kavkazskiy Kalendar na 1917 god, Tiflis, 1916, s. 198-201.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> A\u015fot Pogosyan, a.g.e., s.192.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Arzumanl\u0131, Vagif., Mustafa, Nazim. Tarihin Kara Sehifeleri. Bak\u00fc: Kartal, 1998.<\/li>\n
  2. Badem, Candan. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusiya`s\u0131 D\u00f6neminde Kars Vilayeti. \u0130stanbul, BirzamanlarYay\u0131n\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, 2010.<\/li>\n
  3. Kavkazskiy Kalendar na 1916 god, Tiflis, 1915.<\/li>\n
  4. Kavkazskiy Kalendar na 1917 god, Tiflis, 1916.<\/li>\n
  5. Pervaya Vseob\u015faya Prepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy \u0130mperii 1897 g.. 10. cilt, Karsskaya oblast, Sankt-Petersburq, 1905.<\/li>\n
  6. Pogosyan, A\u015fot. Karsskaya Oblast Sostave Rossii. Yerevan: HayastanYay\u0131nevi, 1983.<\/li>\n
  7. Samarina, Olga. Ob\u015fin\u0131 Molkan na Kavkaze: \u0130storiya, Kultura, B\u0131t, Xozyaystvennaya Deyatelnost. (Doktora tezi), Stavropol, 2004.<\/li>\n
  8. \u015eavrov N. N. Novaya Uqroza Russkomu Delu v Zakavkazye: Predstoya\u015faya prodaja Muqani inorodtsam, Sankt-Peterburq, 1911.<\/li>\n
  9. Sbornik Doqovorov Rossii s Druqimi Gosudarstvami (1856-1917), Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe \u0130zdatelstvo Politi\u00e7eskoy Literature, 1952.<\/li>\n
  10. Svod statisti\u00e7eskix Dann\u0131x o naselenii Zakavkazskoqo kraya izvle\u00e7enn\u0131x iz posemeyn\u0131x spiskov 1886 g. Tiflis, 1893.<\/li>\n
  11. http:\/\/demoscope.ru\/weekly\/ssp\/rus_rel_97.php?reg=91<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \t
    \t\t \t\t\"\"<\/a> \t\t  <\/span> \t\tM\u0259qal\u0259ni PDF format\u0131na \u00e7evir<\/span> \t\t  <\/span> \t\t \t\t \t<\/form> <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Dr. Nazim MUSTAFA Azerbaycan-Bak\u00fc \u00d6zet Co\u011frafi konumuna g\u00f6re Kars b\u00f6lgesi Rusya’n\u0131n askeri-strateji kilgi alanlar\u0131ndan olmu\u015ftur. Rus ordusu 1807, 1828, 1855, 1877 y\u0131llar\u0131nda -4 kez Kars \u00fczerine h\u00fccum etmi\u015ftir. 1877-1878 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Rus-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131nda i\u015fgal edilen b\u00f6lgede Rus y\u00f6netimine uygun merkezi Kars \u015fehri olmakla Kars vilayeti olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. 1878 Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Rusya’n\u0131n idarecili\u011fini kabul etmeyen 80 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":502,"featured_media":977,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[44],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/975"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/502"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=975"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/975\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":976,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/975\/revisions\/976"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=975"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=975"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/nazimmustafa.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=975"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}